Institute of IT

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

WRITTEN BY: MUHAMMAD ATIF

M.SC (COMPUTER SCIENCE)

LECTURER in IT.

Muslim College of Sciences. Dalazak Rd. Peshawar City.

mailto:atifat45@gmail.com 03149881406

Subject: Information & Communication Technology

CH #1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Q1. DEFINE COMPUTER? EXPLAIN BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Q2. DEFINE DATA & INFORMATION? EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA

Q3. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN DATA & INFORMATION?

Q4. DEFINE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY? EXPLAIN ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Q5. EXPLAIN HISTORY OF COMPUTER IN DETAIL?

Q6. DISCUSS GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER?

Q7. WHAT IS HARDWARE? EXPLAIN HARDWARE TROUBLESHOOTING CONCEPT.

Q1. DEFINE COMPUTER? EXPLAIN BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Ans: Computer: The word computer is derived from ‘compute’ which means calculation. Computer is an electronic device, which can accept the input data, process the data, and gives the result of the process data according to instruction.

A computer is a system, of an interrelated, interacting components that performs the basic function of input, processing, output, storage, and control. There are three basic component of computer that is Input, Process, and Output.

Input:

The first step of the data processing cycle is input. The computer accepts data in this step. Data consists of raw facts and figures. Data is entered into the computer for processing. It is entered using different input devices such as keyboard or mouse.

2. Processing:

The second step of the data processing cycle is processing. It converts data into information. The central processing unit processes data into information.

Random Access Memory (RAM) temporarily stores programs and data required by the CPU. Arithmetic & Logic Unit is responsible for all arithmetic and logical operations.

3. Output:

The third step of the data processing cycle is output. The results are provided to the user in this step. Computer produce two types of outputs;

1. Softcopy output

2. Hardcopy output.

Different output devices are used for this purpose.

4. Storage:

The fourth step of the data processing cycle is storage. It stores data, information and programs used by the computer system. It is performed by different storage device such as hard disks, CD, DVD, USB flash memory.

Q2. DEFINE DATA & INFORMATION? EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA

Ans: DATA: Data is a plural form of the Latin word Datum. The collection of fact and figure is called Data OR any thing in raw form. Data cannot be used for decision making or action taking. e.g. Name, Address, Number, Phone Number, Roll No etc.

Types of data:

There are different types of data

i. Alphabetic data type:-It consist letter from A-Z capital or from a-z small letter. e.g Abid ,Peshawar, Pakistan, Khan, pakistan, COMPUTER

ii. Numeric data type;- It consist of digit from 0-9 e.g 123, 567 etc

iii. Alphanumeric data type:-It consist alphabetic letter as well as numeric digit. Street no A/10

iv. Graphic data: It consists tables, charts, graphics and statements

v. Audio data: It consists only sounds. For example radio news.

vi. Video data: It consists photos, image and moving picture. Such as TV news.

vii. Mixed data: It consists more than one type of data. Such as the combination of audio and video.

INFORMATION: To organize the Data in meaningful form upon which people can take

necessary decision is called Information. e.g. 2,1,5,4 when sorted it become 1,2,4,5 which is

information. Information is the meaningful, processed data, which is relevant and accurate

and there by can be used in decision-making. Examples are voucher, bills, fee registration

cards or library cards.

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION

DATA	INFORMATION
1. Data is a set of raw fact.	Information is processed form of data.
2. Data is used as input in the computer	Information is the output of computer
3. Data is not meaningful	Information is meaningful
4. Data is asset of organization and is not available to people for sale.	Information is normally available for sale.
5. Data is an independent entity	Information depend on data
6. Data is not used in decision-making	Information is very important for decision-making
7. Data is use rarely	Information is use frequently.

Q3. DEFINE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY? EXPLAIN ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Ans: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: An IT is a technology which merge computer with communication, through high speed data transfer devices carrying text, audio, video etc.

ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Following are the six elements of information technology;

1. People

2. Procedure

3. Hardware

4. Software

5. Data & Information

6. Communication

1. People: The users who directly or indirectly use computer and information technology. The people are of two types;

a. End-User: A person who have enough knowledge to operate the computer is called an end-user. For example a person who knows how to open Ms-Word, Save a file, Print a file. This person is known as end-user.

b. IT-Professional: A person who have detailed knowledge of computer hardware, software and also knows the computer languages. These personnel includes

i. Programmer

ii. System Analyst

iii. Database Developer

iv. Database administrator

v. Network administrator

2. Procedure: A step by step instructions for using a new hardware or software is called a procedure. A procedure tells the computer how to use different devices. Now-a-days these procedures comes in soft form on a disk or CD, called driver disk or CD, which contains files which are necessary to install a new equipment.

3. Hardware: All the physical parts of a computer system are called hardware. Hardware are of different types;

a. Input hardware: use to input data into computer for example keyboard, mouse.

b. Output hardware: use to produce information from the computer for example monitor, printer.

c. Processing hardware: use to process the raw data into processed information. For example processor.

d. Storage hardware: use to store data temporarily or permanently for further work. For example RAM. hard disk, CD, USB etc.

e. Communication hardware: use to communicate data or information between two or more computers such as MODEM, NIC, router, hub, switch etc.

4. Software: All the computer programs made by companies or user itself are called software. Software are of two types;

a. System Software

b. Application Software

5. Data & Information:

Data: A collection of facts and figures in raw form is called data. In computer system we first enter data by using different input devices. The data can’t be used for decision making.

Information:

A processed form of data is called information. After processing we get results in the form of information.

6. Communication: Interconnection of two or more than two computers is called a network. Communication is used to share these information’s between computers.

Telecommunication network consist of computers, communications processor and other device interconnected by communication media and control by communication software.

Q5. EXPLAIN HISTORY OF COMPUTER IN DETAIL?

Ans: HISTORY OF COMPUTER: A computer history is divided into three ages;

1. Dark Ages (3000 B.C – 1890 A.D) Manual Devices

2. Middle Age (1890 – 1944) Electromechanical Devices

3. Modern Age (Since 1944) Electronic Devices

1. DARK AGES (3000 B.C – 1890 A.D) MANUAL DEVICES

1. Abacus (3000 B.C)

Chinese people introduced abacus in about 3000 B.C. It was the first device which used to perform arithmetic calculations by manipulating the beads. In fact abacus is a very fast calculating device, by which an operator can calculate faster then a person using a digital calculator.

2. Napier’s Bones (1617)

In 1617, John Napier a Scotsman designed a device called “Napier bones”. This device is consist of eleven bones or rods with numbers marked on them. By placing these rods side by side products and quotients of large numbers can be obtained very easily.

3. Pascal’s Calculator (1642)

In 1642, the great French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented a calculator called “Pascal’s Calculator”. This calculator manipulates numbers by rotating a cogwheel gear by one to ten steps with a carryover ratchet to operate next higher digit. We can find this technique, even now in automobiles odometer which uses a series of cogwheels to calculate distance.

4. Leibniz Calculator (1694)

In 1694, a German mathematician Wilhem Von Leibniz created a computing machine that could add, subtract and multiply.

5. Jacquard’s Loom (1801)

In 1801 the Frenchman, Joseph Marie invented a power loom that could base its weave and hence the design of fabrics upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden cards, held together in a row by long rope. This was the first punched card mechanism.

6. Difference Engine (1822-23)

In 1822-23, an English mathematician Charles Babbage was presenting a steam driven calculating machine of the size of room, which he called the difference engine. This machine would able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithms tables. It was used for navigation purpose. By promoting their commercial and military navies, British Govt. manage to become the earth’s greatest empire.

7. Analytical Engine (1833):

After working on difference engine for 10 years, Charles Babbage worked on another device called Analytical Engine, which contains all those features which a modern computer today have. That is why Charles Babbage is known as father of computer.

2. MIDDLE AGE (1890 – 1944) ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DEVICES

1. Tabulator (1890)

An American statistician Herman Hollerith developed first electro-mechanical punched card tabulator in 1890. The tabulator could read information punched into cards. The solutions of different problems could be stored on different stacks of cards. It was used in American census in 1890.

2. Mark I (1937-44)

Howard G. Aiken of Harvard University developed a computer known as Mark I. it was made in 1944 with the help of IBM. It was the first automatic electro mechanical computer. It could multiply ten digits in five seconds. Mark I was very reliable but huge in size.

3. MODERN AGE (Since 1944) ELECTRONIC DEVICES

1. The ENIAC (1943-46)

ENIAC stands for Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was designed by John William Mauchly and John Eckert in 1946. It was very heavy and large in size. It consumed 140 kilowatts of power. It could perform 5000 additions per second.it used decimal number system.

2. The EDVAC (1946-52)

EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. It was an

electronic computer designed by John Von Neuman in 1946 with a memory to hold

both a stored program as well as data.

3. UNIVAC-I (1951)

UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer built by Remington Rand, become one of the first commercially available computer.

4. IBM 650 (1955)

IBM stands for International Business Machines was an early computer developed by IBM in 1955. It was designed to use magnetic drums. It could read data from punched cards and magnetic tape. It could perform the calculations in milliseconds. It could automatically restart the program at a specific point if an error occurred.

5. Apple Computer (1977)

Apple-I was developed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1977. It was the first computer by the apple company. The common people could use it easily. Apple-II was the first computer that used a color display. It was very popular computer of its time

6. IBM PC (1981)

IBM Personal Computer was introduced by IBM in 1981. It was a small and fast computer. It could be attached to an audio cassette player and TV set at home. It was based on 4.77 Mhz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Ms-DOS operating system. It quickly becomes the standard for business personal computers.

Q6. DISCUSS GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER?

Ans:

The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations of computers are as follows;

Generation	Time Period	Major Innovations
First generation	1942-1955	Vacuum Tubes
Second generation	1955-1964	Transistors
Third generation	1964-1975	Integrated Circuits
Fourth generation	1975-Present	Microprocessor
Fifth generation	Present-Beyond	Artificial Intelligence

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